1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 3 00:02:09,360 --> 00:02:11,080 The Shanidar Cave 4 00:02:11,080 --> 00:02:16,800 is regarded as one of the most revered caves in the world 5 00:02:17,760 --> 00:02:20,840 during the time of the Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens. 6 00:02:21,640 --> 00:02:27,640 In a place where life has been ever present, 7 00:02:27,640 --> 00:02:30,640 we might find answers to questions. 8 00:02:31,640 --> 00:02:34,240 Questions that are still mysterious. 9 00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:00,800 At that time, 10 00:07:01,760 --> 00:07:03,760 we were young. 11 00:07:07,320 --> 00:07:09,640 I was approximately... 12 00:07:11,080 --> 00:07:12,880 seventeen, eighteen years old. 13 00:07:16,800 --> 00:07:18,800 The doctor taught us. 14 00:07:21,400 --> 00:07:24,320 Many stones came out of the cave, large stones. 15 00:07:25,040 --> 00:07:26,480 They used explosives. 16 00:07:35,360 --> 00:07:39,560 They found the Neanderthal skeletons. It was a big deal. 17 00:07:42,920 --> 00:07:46,760 Their ribs and bones were thick. 18 00:07:47,440 --> 00:07:49,760 Their head was very large. 19 00:07:53,160 --> 00:07:54,600 Their hands, 20 00:07:55,600 --> 00:07:57,760 everything about them was striking. 21 00:08:44,680 --> 00:08:47,360 We call it the tree of life. 22 00:08:48,240 --> 00:08:49,960 Each human and each animal 23 00:08:50,920 --> 00:08:54,080 becomes a branch on that tree of life. 24 00:08:58,960 --> 00:09:03,800 We are one of the branches, and the Neanderthals were another. 25 00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:08,640 Somewhere along the line, we separated. 26 00:09:10,560 --> 00:09:12,880 I truly feel 27 00:09:13,440 --> 00:09:17,960 that I am sitting on my cousin's remains. 28 00:16:42,160 --> 00:16:45,400 Every new evidence, that you have about Neanderthals, 29 00:16:46,560 --> 00:16:49,920 is actually showing you how human they are. 30 00:16:56,200 --> 00:16:59,360 But their behavior was different from ours. 31 00:17:02,480 --> 00:17:05,760 They lived in a completely different world to our world. 32 00:17:21,880 --> 00:17:24,760 This is part of the Krapina Collection. 33 00:17:27,520 --> 00:17:31,360 They are around 130,000 years old, 34 00:17:31,360 --> 00:17:36,040 and they are the biggest collection of Neanderthals coming from a single site. 35 00:17:40,400 --> 00:17:46,360 We are estimating possibly up to around 80 individual Neanderthals. 36 00:17:47,840 --> 00:17:50,160 You don't have their whole bodies buried. 37 00:17:50,160 --> 00:17:54,880 You actually have just fragments of each of those individuals. 38 00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:56,760 So that is very unusual. 39 00:18:06,640 --> 00:18:12,040 On the Krapina bones, both cranial, so skull bones, and also postcranial, 40 00:18:12,040 --> 00:18:16,440 you see a lot of human-made cut marks. 41 00:18:23,560 --> 00:18:27,640 What this is is a tibia, and there is a possibility 42 00:18:27,640 --> 00:18:30,920 that it was broken on purpose, that it was smashed. 43 00:18:32,880 --> 00:18:38,000 You can also see cut marks here and even some other marks. 44 00:18:39,240 --> 00:18:43,920 One of the reasons you would maybe smash a long bone 45 00:18:43,920 --> 00:18:48,480 is because it's like a container of bone marrow. 46 00:18:52,120 --> 00:18:58,400 This is a fibula that has another interesting kind of marking 47 00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:00,080 on the surface of the bone. 48 00:19:01,240 --> 00:19:04,600 They were probably made when someone was scraping off 49 00:19:04,600 --> 00:19:10,040 the remaining flesh of the bone or remaining muscle tissue of the bone. 50 00:19:10,040 --> 00:19:11,160 As you would do 51 00:19:11,160 --> 00:19:16,160 when you were just like doing the same with your chicken bone at your lunch. 52 00:19:28,040 --> 00:19:33,040 When you hear they were eating each other, you're immediately, like, shocked. 53 00:19:38,160 --> 00:19:42,360 But it's also the question, "What kind of cannibalism?" 54 00:19:43,560 --> 00:19:45,080 What did it mean to them? 55 00:20:16,160 --> 00:20:22,120 Recreating the tools, the ways to do stuff, 56 00:20:22,120 --> 00:20:25,600 we are trying to go into the head of those people, 57 00:20:25,600 --> 00:20:29,920 and, you know, see the cognitive processes that go behind. 58 00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:34,040 So, what is different is that we're just getting cut marks 59 00:20:34,040 --> 00:20:36,920 close to the articulation sites. 60 00:20:36,920 --> 00:20:40,400 And what is weird in the human remains in Krapina is 61 00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:43,960 that you are getting it all along the long bones. 62 00:20:43,960 --> 00:20:47,160 So as if someone is actually scraping it continuously. 63 00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:54,240 I cannot imagine, like, doing this to someone I actually know. 64 00:21:00,360 --> 00:21:04,520 So, this is the famous Krapina 3 skull. 65 00:21:05,560 --> 00:21:11,440 It is the most complete cranial specimen 66 00:21:11,440 --> 00:21:16,160 in the whole collection, and it's the only one that has a face. 67 00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:24,040 This person, we believe, was a female. 68 00:21:24,040 --> 00:21:27,240 A young Neanderthal in her 20s. 69 00:21:28,960 --> 00:21:31,680 What is very interesting is that on the frontal bone, 70 00:21:31,680 --> 00:21:36,640 you have a series of something like 40 cut marks. 71 00:21:40,360 --> 00:21:43,000 There is determination 72 00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:47,800 to do 40 cut marks slowly and very close together. 73 00:21:48,960 --> 00:21:51,320 Even if they were consuming these bones, 74 00:21:51,320 --> 00:21:54,920 I don't think it was because they were starving. 75 00:21:57,640 --> 00:22:00,600 It's actually deeply complex behavior. 76 00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:14,560 Maybe by consuming the flesh of the person they knew, 77 00:22:15,440 --> 00:22:20,880 they want to get some kind of virtue, something that they admired in this person 78 00:22:20,880 --> 00:22:23,800 that they shared their lives with. 79 00:22:26,720 --> 00:22:29,400 In the ethnographic examples that we know of, 80 00:22:29,920 --> 00:22:33,640 until recently, people consumed their loved ones 81 00:22:33,640 --> 00:22:38,640 because by consuming their flesh, they're trying to take in something 82 00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:43,680 that can continue on to other generations, you know, it's some kind of legacy. 83 00:22:47,560 --> 00:22:51,040 I cannot say that this was exactly what was the driving force 84 00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:53,840 behind this kind of behavior in Neanderthals, 85 00:22:53,840 --> 00:22:55,520 but it's another possibility. 86 00:35:35,120 --> 00:35:37,560 After cleaning and strengthening the bones, 87 00:35:37,560 --> 00:35:39,280 then I had the pieces, 88 00:35:39,280 --> 00:35:43,800 and I could start to do the restoration, which is a big jigsaw. 89 00:35:48,560 --> 00:35:51,760 So, the first fragment is like the easy part. 90 00:35:54,040 --> 00:35:56,240 And then it gets more complicated. 91 00:36:01,200 --> 00:36:02,720 You need patience, 92 00:36:05,680 --> 00:36:09,760 because you have a very unique specimen in your hands. 93 00:36:12,160 --> 00:36:14,360 It's a lot of responsibility. 94 00:40:04,800 --> 00:40:08,040 Here we have the skull that Emma, the data Emma, sent us. 95 00:40:08,040 --> 00:40:11,840 We've got an almost complete skull, nice complete skull, and it's printed out. 96 00:40:11,840 --> 00:40:14,080 - So now we can see him. - Wow. 97 00:40:14,080 --> 00:40:16,560 {\an8}Who are the Kennis brothers? 98 00:40:16,560 --> 00:40:20,960 {\an8}The Kennis brothers are two twins who are fascinated by human evolution. 99 00:40:20,960 --> 00:40:22,520 Let's see, look at this nose. 100 00:40:22,520 --> 00:40:25,720 It looks a very Neanderthal-like nose, but what we see is 101 00:40:25,720 --> 00:40:28,480 that the other side of the nose is very narrow. 102 00:40:28,480 --> 00:40:31,080 We reconstruct ancient extinct humans. 103 00:40:31,080 --> 00:40:32,960 We try to show people 104 00:40:32,960 --> 00:40:37,400 how maybe the early ancestors would look like in real life. 105 00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:40,480 - Big eyes, tall face, small nose. - Big eye, yeah. 106 00:40:40,480 --> 00:40:46,160 You know, like... spectacles, you know, these enormous, big spectacles like... 107 00:40:46,160 --> 00:40:50,080 If you put the mandible below it, it looks like... uh... 108 00:40:50,080 --> 00:40:52,000 We were very bad at school. 109 00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:53,640 We didn't read much. 110 00:40:53,640 --> 00:40:57,360 We went to the library, and we saw some beautiful pictures of Neanderthals. 111 00:40:59,240 --> 00:41:01,760 We see immediately those worn-down teeth, mamma mia! 112 00:41:01,760 --> 00:41:04,040 - Incredible teeth. - Typical Neanderthal. 113 00:41:04,040 --> 00:41:07,600 - They use their teeth like a vice. Yeah. - Vice. Like a tool. 114 00:41:07,600 --> 00:41:09,040 That, we find fascinating. 115 00:41:09,040 --> 00:41:13,560 How a face, an ape face, could morph into a human face. 116 00:41:21,120 --> 00:41:23,560 For us, what's fascinating about Neanderthals is, 117 00:41:23,560 --> 00:41:26,080 they've got an enormous, big nose, 118 00:41:27,200 --> 00:41:28,760 an enormous puffy face. 119 00:41:29,320 --> 00:41:34,000 Never in human evolution did you see such a big, strange face. 120 00:41:34,880 --> 00:41:36,560 So that's fantastic to see. 121 00:41:45,920 --> 00:41:50,120 So, mostly we get skulls. Mostly the skulls are distorted. 122 00:41:51,560 --> 00:41:53,400 We're gonna correct the skulls. 123 00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:57,160 We're going to make them complete with forensic methods. 124 00:42:03,960 --> 00:42:07,920 When the skull is complete, then we apply the tissue thickness, 125 00:42:09,120 --> 00:42:11,080 the muscles on it and the flesh. 126 00:42:14,000 --> 00:42:16,840 We fill it up with a kind of skin layer. 127 00:42:42,840 --> 00:42:44,240 Yeah, you can come. 128 00:42:46,800 --> 00:42:49,240 I hope that a lot of people look at this face 129 00:42:49,240 --> 00:42:52,000 and maybe look at how strange it is. 130 00:42:53,520 --> 00:42:56,240 They had such peculiar features. 131 00:42:57,640 --> 00:43:01,120 And that's so striking because the brain size is same as us. 132 00:43:01,120 --> 00:43:04,360 They are as human as us, but still there are differences, 133 00:43:04,360 --> 00:43:06,840 and that's fascinating, why are they different? 134 00:43:09,120 --> 00:43:12,000 It's such a kind of parallel evolution with us. 135 00:43:13,520 --> 00:43:15,520 - All right. - Yeah, all right. Okay. 136 00:43:15,520 --> 00:43:18,880 And why did one disappear, and why is one still alive? 137 00:43:18,880 --> 00:43:22,000 That's fascinating. That's the other us. 138 00:45:14,440 --> 00:45:17,800 It is really unnatural to go into the caves. 139 00:45:23,440 --> 00:45:26,880 These are places that people fear. 140 00:45:35,360 --> 00:45:37,600 And especially to the very bottom of the caves. 141 00:47:06,880 --> 00:47:08,800 It's very constructed. 142 00:47:11,800 --> 00:47:15,920 {\an8}We understood that there were architectural tricks. 143 00:47:24,080 --> 00:47:28,640 Small elements to wedge the large stalagmites. 144 00:47:31,960 --> 00:47:35,840 All of this is completely structured and thought out. 145 00:47:46,480 --> 00:47:52,040 For an archaeologist, it's quite unique. There is no other equivalent to it. 146 00:48:12,200 --> 00:48:15,520 Here we have a thermal alteration, but it's not the only one. 147 00:48:15,520 --> 00:48:17,680 We have quite a few... 148 00:48:17,680 --> 00:48:20,280 - Here we agree, that's the hearth. - It's the hearth. 149 00:48:20,280 --> 00:48:21,680 It's the hearth. 150 00:48:24,720 --> 00:48:30,760 So we have several places here where a fire was present at some point. 151 00:48:33,240 --> 00:48:34,240 Number 38, 152 00:48:34,240 --> 00:48:37,720 along the middle. 153 00:48:48,000 --> 00:48:51,280 This is very exciting because we can see traces of soot, 154 00:48:51,280 --> 00:48:53,440 thermal alterations. 155 00:48:53,440 --> 00:48:57,000 There is very black soot, it's red, it's purple. 156 00:49:03,480 --> 00:49:07,760 Obviously, in all traditional or prehistoric populations, 157 00:49:07,760 --> 00:49:10,200 we know that fire has a symbolic value. 158 00:51:12,000 --> 00:51:14,600 One hundred seventy-five thousand years ago in Europe, 159 00:51:14,600 --> 00:51:16,360 there were only Neanderthals. 160 00:51:18,080 --> 00:51:22,520 Bruniquel is the oldest construction in the world that you can see. 161 00:51:51,160 --> 00:51:55,120 The recurring question that keeps coming back is, 162 00:51:55,120 --> 00:51:56,600 "What are the structures for?" 163 00:53:20,240 --> 00:53:25,440 So more and more, we tend to see in Neanderthals 164 00:53:27,320 --> 00:53:30,200 a much older humanity, 165 00:53:32,600 --> 00:53:38,000 which shares with modern man more and more things in common. 166 00:53:52,360 --> 00:53:54,240 And therefore with Bruniquel, 167 00:53:55,640 --> 00:54:02,640 we increased this relationship we have with an ancestor who is very old. 168 01:09:38,520 --> 01:09:42,920 Neanderthal genes are present inside many Homo Sapiens. 169 01:09:46,240 --> 01:09:51,160 And I do really believe that we are cousins. 170 01:09:51,160 --> 01:09:53,920 We are of the same blood. 171 01:09:53,920 --> 01:09:56,080 We have the same ancestors.